Cancer. Just the word itself can trigger fear. But when it comes to stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, the fear often stems from uncertainty. What actually causes it? Is it something you ate? Something you inherited? Or is it just bad luck?
In this article, we’ll walk you through the most well-known causes and risk factors behind stomach cancer—some of which may surprise you. And more importantly, we’ll explore what you can do about them.
1. Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Hidden Culprit
Let’s start with the not-so-obvious villain—Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori for short. This spiral-shaped bacterium lives in the stomach lining. You might not even know it’s there. But over time, H. pylori can cause chronic inflammation, leading to ulcers and, in some cases, stomach cancer.
Think of H. pylori as the unwanted guest at a dinner party. It doesn’t cause chaos right away, but given time, it can quietly wreak havoc.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), H. pylori is a Class I carcinogen, meaning there’s strong evidence it causes cancer. In fact, researchers believe it’s responsible for up to 60% of non-cardia gastric cancers.
But here’s the good news: H. pylori infections can be treated with antibiotics. A simple breath or stool test can help detect it.
2. Diet and Nutrition: Can What You Eat Lead to Cancer?
We’ve all heard the saying, “You are what you eat.” When it comes to stomach cancer, that might be more true than we think.
A diet high in:
- Salted, smoked, and pickled foods
- Processed meats (like bacon or hotdogs)
- Fermented products high in nitrates or nitrites
…has been linked to higher risk of stomach cancer. These foods can irritate and inflame the stomach lining over time. In contrast, diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, especially those high in vitamin C, appear to reduce the risk.
But let’s be real—occasional indulgence won’t send you down a dangerous path. It’s the long-term patterns that matter most.
So maybe next time, instead of reaching for that instant noodle cup, you could go for a bowl of veggie soup. Small changes add up.
3. Genetics and Family History: Is It in Your DNA?
“Is stomach cancer something I could inherit?” It’s a fair question—and the answer is yes, in some cases.
While most stomach cancers are sporadic (meaning they occur randomly), there are inherited cancer syndromes that raise your risk. One example is Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC), often caused by mutations in the CDH1 gene.
If you have a family history of:
- Stomach cancer before age 50
- Multiple family members with the disease
- A relative with HDGC
…it’s worth talking to your doctor or a genetic counsellor.
That doesn’t mean you’re guaranteed to get cancer. But knowing your risk gives you power—the power to screen earlier, eat healthier, and stay alert to symptoms.
4. Smoking and Alcohol: Lifestyle Habits That Increase Risk
We’ve known for years that smoking increases cancer risk. But stomach cancer? Yes, it’s on the list too. Smokers are more likely to develop gastric cancer, particularly in the upper part of the stomach near the esophagus.
As for alcohol, the data is a little more complex. Some studies link heavy alcohol consumption to increased risk—especially for men—but light to moderate drinking isn’t as strongly associated.
So ask yourself: Is the habit worth the risk?
Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake can reduce your cancer risk—not just in your stomach, but all over your body. That’s a win-win.
5. Previous Stomach Conditions and Surgeries
Have you had ulcers, polyps, or previous stomach surgery?
These conditions may not seem serious at first glance. But they could play a role in increasing your cancer risk.
For instance:
- Chronic atrophic gastritis (a long-term inflammation of the stomach lining) can lead to cell changes
- Pernicious anemia, caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, can damage the stomach lining
- Adenomatous gastric polyps have cancerous potential
- People who’ve had part of their stomach removed (gastrectomy) may develop cancer later in the remaining tissue
Again, not all stomach problems lead to cancer—but persistent issues should never be ignored. Your body is speaking. Are you listening?
6. Occupational and Environmental Exposures
Where you work and what you’re exposed to might affect your cancer risk too.
People who work in industries such as:
- Coal mining
- Metal processing
- Rubber manufacturing
- Wood or textile production
…may be exposed to dust or chemicals linked to stomach cancer. Long-term exposure to these elements can damage the stomach lining or cause chronic irritation.
If your job involves these kinds of exposures, wearing protective gear and going for regular health checks isn’t just advisable—it’s essential.
7. Obesity and Metabolic Factors
Carrying excess weight isn’t just about appearance. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is linked to a higher risk of certain types of stomach cancer, including cancers in the upper part of the stomach.
Why? Because obesity can lead to:
- Chronic low-grade inflammation
- Hormonal imbalances
- Increased acid reflux, which damages the stomach lining
Even small weight loss—say 5% to 10% of your body weight—can improve your overall health and lower your cancer risk. It’s not about perfection. It’s about progress.
8. Age, Gender, and Ethnicity: Who’s More at Risk?
Some risk factors are simply out of our control.
Age is one of them. Most stomach cancer cases occur in people over 60.
Gender plays a role too—men are nearly twice as likely as women to develop it.
And ethnicity matters. In the U.S., for instance, stomach cancer rates are higher among:
- Hispanic Americans
- African Americans
- Asian Americans
- Native Americans
This might be due to genetic differences, diet, or access to healthcare. But regardless of background, staying informed is key.
9. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): A Viral Connection?
You’ve probably heard of Epstein-Barr virus—the one that causes mononucleosis or “mono.” But did you know it might be linked to stomach cancer too?
About 10% of gastric cancers have been found to contain EBV genetic material. It’s not the most common cause, but it’s on the radar.
The science here is still evolving. Researchers aren’t sure exactly how EBV triggers cancer in the stomach, but inflammation and immune response may play a role.
10. Autoimmune Gastritis and Stomach Cancer Risk
Autoimmune conditions happen when your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body. In autoimmune gastritis, it targets the stomach lining.
Over time, this can:
- Destroy cells that produce stomach acid
- Cause vitamin B12 deficiency
- Lead to intestinal metaplasia (where stomach cells turn into intestine-like cells)
All of these changes may increase the risk of developing stomach cancer.
If you’ve been diagnosed with autoimmune gastritis, your doctor may recommend periodic screening to watch for any unusual changes.
Can Stress or Emotional Health Play a Role?
It’s a fair question: can stress cause cancer?
Here’s the honest answer—chronic stress doesn’t directly cause cancer, but it can influence your overall health. Stress can weaken the immune system, trigger unhealthy coping habits (like smoking or overeating), and disrupt your sleep.
So no, your anxiety or tough days won’t directly lead to cancer—but managing stress still matters. Your body thrives when your mind is calm.
Conclusion: What Can You Do to Lower Your Risk?
While you can’t change your age, your genes, or your past, you can take control of your future.
Here’s what you can do starting today:
- Eat more fresh fruits and vegetables
- Limit processed, salty, and smoked foods
- Quit smoking and drink alcohol in moderation
- Get tested for H. pylori if you have stomach symptoms
- Know your family history and talk to your doctor about it
- Watch your weight and manage your stress
Stomach cancer doesn’t just appear overnight. It’s often the result of years of small changes. The silver lining? That also means you can influence your risk—step by step, day by day.
References
- “Helicobacter pylori and Cancer.” World Health Organization (WHO), 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/helicobacter-pylori-and-cancer
- “Diet and Stomach Cancer Risk.” American Cancer Society, 2022. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/stomach-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
- “Stomach Cancer Causes and Risk Factors.” Cancer Research UK, 2023. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer/risks-causes
- “Obesity and Cancer.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/obesity/index.htm
- “Epstein-Barr Virus and Cancer.” National Cancer Institute, 2024. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/ebv-fact-sheet